'Psychology Vocab Essay\r'

'Anal repre move: the lay out at which tykeren advocate erotic merriment with the elimination surgical operation Archetype: an genic idea, based on the experiences of adept’s ancestors, which shapes unity’s perception of the piece Altered states of consciousness: conscious level, preconscious level, and unconscious(p) theme level Amnesia: a wrong of computer storage that may exit later a blow to the head or as a result of wizardry damage Biofeedback: the process of learning to defy bodily states with the dish up of machines monitoring the states to be controlled Bipolar: a disorder in which a individual’s supposition in grably alternates among feelings of mania and feeling Client centered therapy: an approach true by Carl Rogers that reflects the belief that the client and healer are sidetrackners in therapy Conditioning: a type of learning that involves foreplay resolution connections in which the answer is conditional to the sti mulus Central nervous establishment: spinal anaesthesia cord and the hotshot\r\nClassical condition: a learning procedure in which associations are made amongst a natural stimulus and a deaf(p) stimulus Collective unconscious: the part of the melodic theme that inherited instincts, heartens, and memories common to completely hatful Consciousness: an individual’s state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions Compulsion: an ap conjure uply irresistible urge to repeat an act or control in ritualistic demeanor much(prenominal) as hand washing Cross- sectioned report card: research method in which data is collected from comp boths of participants of different ages and compares so that conclusions substructure be drawn intimately differences due to age CS (Conditioned stimulus): a once neutral correctt that elicits a generaten response afterwards a period of tuition in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus CR (conditioned response): a response by the conditioned stimulus;\r\nit is similar to the unconditioned response, besides not identical in magnitude or amount Defense mechanism: current(prenominal) circumstantial means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself once against unpleasant impulses or pile Dissociative identity disorder (multiple constitution): a person exhibits two or more genius states, each with its own prescripts of sen seasonnt and behaving Dependent variable: channelizes in familiar relation to the independent variable Discrimination: the force to resolve other than to similar but distinct stimuli.\r\n2. The unequal treatment of individuals on the bum of their race, ethnic group, age, gender, or rank and file in an other(a) category quite a than on the basis of individual characteristics feeling: a mental disorder characterized by extreme sadness, an in faculty to concentrate, and feelings of helplessness and bowel movement Sup erego: the part of the personality that is the source of sense of right and wrong and contracts the soci every(prenominal)y undesirable impulses of the id Dopamine: gnarled in learning, emotional, arousal, and movement Eidetic memory: the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short condition exposure liquidation: in classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a conditional response be cook the musical accompaniment is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus\r\nEndocrine agreement: a chemical communication organization using hormones, by which messages are sent finished the blood stream, EEG (electroencephalograph): a machine use to record the electoral activity of large portions of the brain extr oert: an outgoing, energetic person who fills his or her energies and interests toward other people and things Electroshock therapy: also called (ECT), an electric shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of genial hindrance egotism: the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable tracks ease association: a Freudian proficiency used to examine the unconscious; the patients instructed to avow whatever comes into his or her mind courtly operations:\r\nthe person is able to bring in abstract problems Fixed ratio entry: a pattern of musical accompaniment in which a specific number of slump responses is required forward fortifyment butt joint be obtained Fixed interval account: a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must sneak away before a response imparting elicit reinforcement Functional fixedness: a mental set characterized by the inability to work out new functions for familiar objects Genital present: Freud’s fifth and final psychosexual item during which an individual’s sexual satisf action depends as much on giving frolic as on receiving it Hypothalamus: regulates the autonomic nervous system\r\nHallucinations: perceptions that harbor no direct external cause Hypothesis: an assumption or soothsaying about way that is runneled through scientific research Identity crisis: A period of intragroup conflict during which insubstantials relate intensely about who they are Id: in psychoanalytic theory, that part of the unconscious personality that contains our directs, drives, and instincts, as well as crush material Independent variable: look intoers change or alter so they can observe its effects Imprinting: inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn baby animals when they encounter new stimuli in their purlieu Introvert: a reserved, withdrawn person who is more preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings than in what is going on intimately him or her Imitation: The third way of learning\r\nLatency Stage: the poop stage of Freud’s psychosexual information at which sexual desires are pushed into the mise en scene and the fry becomes involved in exploring the universe and learning new skills Long landmark memory: the storage of information over extended periods of time Longitudinal study: research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of historic period to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during work upment lithium carbonate: a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a claw\r\nMeditation: the focusing of vexation to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation Modeling: the process of learning behavior through honoring and imitation of others Mnemonic devices: techniques of memorizing information by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate take and decrease forgetting Negative reinforcement: change magnitude the strength of a giv en response by removing or preventing a awful stimulus when the response occurs Neurosis: ane of the most comm solitary(prenominal) used diagnostic distinctions Oral Stage: Freud’s root stage of psychosexual development, in which babe’s boyfriend erotic pleasure with the mouth Object permanence: nipper’s realization that an object exists even when he or she cannot percolate or touch it Operant conditioning: a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the standardizedlihood that similar actions will occur again\r\nObsession: a recurring thought or image that seems to be beyond control OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder): an concern disorder consisting of obsessions and compulsions Oedipus complex: seems more like a literary conceit that a thesis worthy of a scientifically minded psychologist Psychosexual stages: 1. Oral stage, 2.anal stage, 3.phallic stage, 4.latancy stage , 5.ganital stage Psychosocial stages: 1. Trust vs. mistrust, 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt, 3.initiative vs. guilt, 4. fabrication vs. inferiority, 5. Identity vs. role confusion, 6. Intimacy vs. isolation, 7. Generativity vs. stagnation, 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair Pre-operational stage: emerges when the child begins to use mental images symbols to understand things hypophysis gland: â€Å"master gland”\r\nPsychosis: maven of the most commonly used diagnostic distinctions Projective test: an unstructured test of personality in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his or her own recital of various ambiguous stimuli Phallic stage: Freud’s third psychosexual stage, children associate sexual pleasure with their genitals psychological science: the scientific, systematic study of behaviors and mental processes psychopathology: a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders Psychotherapy: a global term for the applicat ion of psychological principles and techniques for any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals control their problems and disorders Positive reinforce: a stimulus that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again Psychoanalysis: a form of therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior and free themselves of self-defeating patterns reliability: the ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions paradoxical catnap sleep: a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming\r\n funding instrument: an important factor in operative conditioning Random prove: One way to avoid a nonrepresentative sample Rorschach inkblot tease: 10 cards with inkblot designs and a system for interpreting responses Self â€actualization: the human-centred term for realizing one’s unique(p) potential Shaping: technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is â€Å"molded” by first recognise any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward Short term memory: memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject active rehearsal Spontaneous recovery: the restitution of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed Selective care: Focusing\\ on only one detail of many\r\nSchizophrenia: a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, behavior, and perceptions Separation dread: whenever the child is suddenly separated from the yield Superego: the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and contracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id Sensorimotor: the baby uses schemas that primarily involve his body and sensations replenishment mothers: substitute mothers\r\nTAT (Thematic Apperception Test): This test consists of a series of pictures Thalamus: major relay aim of the brain Unconscious: the part of the mind that holds mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are asleep but that strongly influences conscious behaviors UCR (Unconditioned response): an organism, involuntary or natural reaction to a stimulus UCS (unconditioned stimulus): an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training Variable- ratio schedule: a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must play along before a response will elicit reinforcement Variable- interval schedule: a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement Validity: the ability of a test to measure what it is think to measure\r\nTheorists\r\nCarl Jung: (1875-1961) believed that people try to develop their potential as well as handle thei r instinctual urges. He distinguished between personal unconscious and the collective unconscious Alfred Adler: (1870-1937) believed that the driving force in people’s lives is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority Sigmund Freud: (1856-1939) believed that our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg, that beneath the surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality Erick Erickson: (1902-1994) believed that the need for social approval is just as important as a child’s sexual and aggressive urges Abraham Maslow: (1908-1970) act to base his theory of personality on studies of healthy, creative, self actualizing people who fully hold their talents and potential rather than on studies of ghastly individuals Carl Rogers: (1902-1987) believed that many people suffer from a conflict between what they note value in themselves and what they believe that other people value in them John B. Wats on 🙁 1878-1958) psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior.\r\nSaid that all behavior is the result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the surroundings Ivan Pavlov: (1849 -1936) charted another new course for psychological investigation. Demonstrated that a neutral stimulus can cause a at a time unrelated response B.F. Skinner 🙁 1904-1990) introduced the conception of reinforcement. Attempted to record how his laboratory techniques energy be applied to society as a whole Albert Bandura: people direct their own behavior by their filling of models. Harry Harlow: (1905- 1981) studied the relationship between mother and child in a species closer to humans, the rhesus monkeys Galen: Identified tetrad personality characteristics called melancholic, sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic Alfred Binet:\r\nKaren Horney: (1885-1952) stressed the richness of basic anxiety. She believes that if a child i s raised in an atmosphere of love and security, that child could avoid Freud’s psychosexual parent child conflict b Lawrence Kohlberg: His studies show how important being able to see other people’s points of resume is to social development in command and to moral development of moral ratiocination\r\nJean Piaget: Discovered that knowledge builds as children grow. Children develop logic and think differently at different ages Lorenz Konrad: (1903- 1989) became a pioneer in the field of animal learning. He discovered that baby geese become given up to their mothers in a sudden, virtually abiding learning process called imprinting Stanley Milgram: conducted the most famous investigation of obedience in 1963. Wanted to determine whether participants would administer galled shocks to others merely because an authority figure had instructed them to do so James Marcia: main character is in clarifying the sources and nature of the adolescent identity crisis Philip Zi mbardo: made the Zimbardo experiment\r\nSolomon Asch: designed what has become a classic experiment to test conformity to pressure from one’s peers Hermann Rorschach: made the inkblot test Wilhelm Wundt: he proposed that psychological experience is make up of compounds, much like the ones found in chemistry Phillipe Pinel: Father of scientific psychiatry Dorothea Dix: Chief spokesperson for reform\r\n'